Críticas construccionistas a la tesis de las Emociones Básicas
Palabras clave:
construccionismo, emociones básicas, neurociencia afectiva, fisiología, lenguaje
Resumen
La historia de la comprensión de las emociones en el pensamiento occidental ha estado dominada prácticamente desde sus inicios por una concepción esencialista de las emociones: de acuerdo a este abordaje, las emociones son, en efecto, eventos discretos claramente diferenciados, no sólo entre sí sino también respecto de los procesos cognitivos “superiores”. La hegemonía de esta concepción esencialista, que encontró su momento culminante en la teoría de las Emociones Básicas, llegó a su fin a principios de este siglo con el surgimiento de un programa de investigación radicalmente diferente en cuanto a postulados y predicciones, a saber el construccionismo (desarrollado fundamentalmente por J.A. Russell, L.F. Barrett, K. Lindquist y M. Gendron). El objetivo del artículo consistirá en reconstruir las líneas generales de la crítica construccionista al postulado de las Emociones Básicas, a fin de ponderar los méritos hermenéuticos de ambas alternativas. Se argumentará que las críticas construccionistas conducen a una crisis terminal de la teoría de las Emociones Básicas (tanto desde un punto de vista metodológico como en cuanto al soporte empírico aducido) y que la alternativa construccionista se muestra ya en mejores condiciones de conformar el núcleo de un nuevo programa de investigación en el ámbito de la vida afectiva humana.
Citas
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• ---. «Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion-Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity». Psychophysiology, vol. 27, n.o 4, julio de 1990, pp. 363-84. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02330.x.
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• Lindquist, Kristen A. «Emotions Emerge from More Basic Psychological Ingredients: A Modern Psychological Constructionist Model». Emotion Review, vol. 5, n.o 4, 2013, pp. 356-68. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913489750.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., Tor D. Wager, Hedy Kober, et al. «The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review». The Behavioral and brain sciences, vol. 35, n.o 3, junio de 2012, pp. 121-43. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11000446.
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• Lindquist, Kristen A., Jennifer K. MacCormack, y Holly Shablack. «The Role of Language in Emotion: Predictions from Psychological Constructionism». Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 6, abril de 2015. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00444.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., y Lisa Feldman Barrett. «A Functional Architecture of the Human Brain: Emerging Insights from the Science of Emotion». Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol. 16, n.o 11, 2012, pp. 533-40. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.005.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., y Maria Gendron. «What’s in a Word? Language Constructs Emotion Perception». Emotion Review, vol. 5, n.o 1, enero de 2013, pp. 66-71. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451351.
• Mauss, Iris B., y Michael D. Robinson. «Measures of Emotion: A Review». Cognition & Emotion, vol. 23, n.o 2, 2009, pp. 209-37, https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802204677.
• Mowrer, O. Hobart. Learning Theory and Behavior. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1960. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1037/10802-000.
• Murphy, F. C., et al. «Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotions: A Meta-Analysis». Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 3, n.o 3, 2003, pp. 207-33, https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.3.3.207.
• Oatley, Keith. «The Sentiments and Beliefs of Distributed Cognition». Emotions and Beliefs: How Feelings Influence Thoughts, editado por Nico H. Frijda et al., Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 78-107.
• Oosterwijk, Suzanne, et al. «States of Mind: Emotions, Body Feelings, and Thoughts Share Distributed Neural Networks». NeuroImage, vol. 62, 2012, pp. 2110-28. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.079.
• Ortony, Andrew, y Terence J. Turner. «What’s Basic about Basic Emotions?» Psychological Review, vol. 97, n.o 3, 1990, pp. 315-31, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.315.
• Panksepp, Jaak. «The Basics of Basic Emotion». The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions, editado por Paul Ekman y Richard J. Davidson, Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 20-24.
• Panksepp, Jaak, y Lucy Biven. The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions. Norton, 2012.
• Phan, K. Luan, et al. «Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotions: A Meta-Analysis of Emotion Activation Studies in PET and FMRI». NeuroImage, vol. 16, n.o 2, 2002, pp. 331-48, https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1087.
• Phillips, M. L., et al. «A Specific Neural Substrate for Perceiving Facial Expressions of Disgust». Nature, vol. 389, n.o 6650, 6650, 1997, pp. 495-98. www.nature.com, https://doi.org/10.1038/39051.
• Plamper, Jan. The History of Emotions: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2015.
• Russell, James A. «Culture and the Categorization of Emotions». Psychological Bulletin, vol. 110, n.o 3, 1991, pp. 426-50. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426.
• ---. «Is There Universal Recognition of Emotion from Facial Expression? A Review of the Cross-Cultural Studies.» Psychological Bulletin, vol. 115, n.o 1, 1994, pp. 102-41, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102.
• Sauter, Disa A., et al. «Cross-Cultural Recognition of Basic Emotions through Nonverbal Emotional Vocalizations». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 107, n.o 6, 2010, pp. 2408-12, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908239106.
• ---. «Emotional Vocalizations Are Recognized Across Cultures Regardless of the Valence of Distractors». Psychological Science, vol. 26, n.o 3, 2015, pp. 354-56. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614560771.
• Sihvola, Juha, y Troels Engberg-Pedersen. The Emotions in Hellenistic Philosophy. Springer Netherlands, 1998.
• Tomkins, Silvan S. Affect Imagery Consciousness: Volume I: The Positive Affects. Springer, 1962.
• Touroutoglou, Alexandra, et al. «Intrinsic Connectivity in the Human Brain Does Not Reveal Networks for ‘Basic’ Emotions». Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, vol. 10, n.o 9, 2015, pp. 1257-65. academic.oup.com, https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv013.
• Vytal, Katherine, y Stephan Hamann. «Neuroimaging Support for Discrete Neural Correlates of Basic Emotions: A Voxel-Based Meta-Analysis». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 22, 2009, pp. 2864-85. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10/bqp4nt.
• Weiner, Bernard, y S. Graham. «An Attributional Approach to Emotional Development». Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior, editado por Carroll Ellis Izard et al., Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 167-91.
• Wilson-Mendenhall, Christine D., et al. «Neural Evidence That Human Emotions Share Core Affective Properties». Psychological Science, vol. 24, n.o 6, 2013, pp. 947-56. SAGE Journals, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612464242.
• ---. «Context in Emotion Perception». Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 20, n.o 5, 2011, pp. 286-90, https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411422522.
• ---. «The Theory of Constructed Emotion: An Active Inference Account of Interoception and Categorization». Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, vol. 12, n.o 1, 2017, pp. 1-23. academic.oup.com, https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw154.
• Barrett, Lisa Feldman, y James A. Russell, editores. The psychological construction of emotion. The Guilford Press, 2015.
• Brooks, Jeffrey A., et al. «The Role of Language in the Experience and Perception of Emotion: A Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis». Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, vol. 12, n.o 2, 2017, pp. 169-83. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw121.
• Cacioppo, John T., et al. «The psychophysiology of emotion». Handbook of Emotions, editado por Michael Lewis et al., 3.a ed., Guilford Press, 2008, pp. 180-95.
• Cameron, C. Daryl, et al. «A Constructionist Review of Morality and Emotions: No Evidence for Specific Links Between Moral Content and Discrete Emotions». Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol. 19, n.o 4, 2015, pp. 371-94, https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314566683.
• Ekman, Paul. «An Argument for Basic Emotions». Cognition and Emotion, vol. 6, n.o 3-4, 1992, pp. 169-200. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068.
• ---. The Face of Man: Expressions of Universal Emotions in a New Guinea Village. Garland STPM Press, 1980.
• Ekman, Paul, y Daniel Cordaro. «What Is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic?» Emotion Review, vol. 3, n.o 4, 2011, pp. 364-70, https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410740.
• Frijda, Nico H. The Emotions. Cambridge University Press, 1986.b
• Gendron, Maria, Debi Roberson, Jacoba Marieta van der Vyver, et al. «Cultural Relativity in Perceiving Emotion From Vocalizations». Psychological Science, vol. 25, n.o 4, 2014, pp. 911-20. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613517239.
• Gendron, Maria, Debi Roberson, y Lisa Feldman Barrett. «Cultural Variation in Emotion Perception Is Real: A Response to Sauter, Eisner, Ekman, and Scott». Psychological Science, vol. 26, n.o 3, 2015, pp. 357-59. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614566659.
• Gendron, Maria, Debi Roberson, Jacoba Marietta van der Vyver, et al. «Perceptions of Emotion from Facial Expressions Are Not Culturally Universal: Evidence from a Remote Culture.» Emotion, vol. 14, n.o 2, 2014, pp. 251-62. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036052.
• Gendron, Maria, y Lisa Feldman Barrett. «Emotion Perception as Conceptual Synchrony». Emotion Review, vol. 10, n.o 2, 2018, pp. 101-10. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/175407391
• ---. «Reconstructing the Past: A Century of Ideas About Emotion in Psychology». Emotion Review, vol. 1, n.o 4, 2009, pp. 316-39. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073909338877.
• Graver, Margaret. Stoicism and emotion. The University of Chicago Press, 2007.
• Guillory, Sean A., y Krzysztof A. Bujarski. «Exploring Emotions Using Invasive Methods: Review of 60 Years of Human Intracranial Electrophysiology». Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, vol. 9, n.o 12, 2014, pp. 1880-89. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu002.
• Hamann, Stephan. «Mapping Discrete and Dimensional Emotions onto the Brain: Controversies and Consensus». Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol. 16, 2012, pp. 458-66. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.07.006.
• Izard, Carroll Ellis. Human Emotions. Springer, 1977. www.springer.com, https://doi.org/10.1007/9781-4899-2209-0.
• Jackson, Joshua Conrad, et al. «Emotion Semantics Show Both Cultural Variation and Universal Structure». Science, vol. 366, n.o 6472, 2019, pp. 1517-22. science.sciencemag.org, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw8160.
• James, William. Principles of Psychology. Holt, 1890.
• Kreibig, Sylvia D. «Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Emotion: A Review». Biological Psychology, vol. 84, n.o 3, 2010, pp. 394-421. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010.
• Levenson, Robert W. «Basic Emotion Questions». Emotion Review, vol. 3, n.o 4, 2011, pp. 379-86. SAGE Journals, https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410743.
• ---. «Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion-Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity». Psychophysiology, vol. 27, n.o 4, julio de 1990, pp. 363-84. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02330.x.
• Lewis, Michael, y Gerhard Stemmler. «The Development of Anger». International Handbook of Anger: Constituent and Concomitant Biological, Psychological, and Social Processes, editado por Michael Potegal et al., Springer, 2010, pp. 177-91.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., Maria Gendron, Suzanne Oosterwijk, et al. «Do People Essentialize Emotions? Individual Differences in Emotion Essentialism and Emotional Experience.» Emotion, vol. 13, n.o 4, 2013, pp. 629-44. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032283.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., Ajay B. Satpute, y Maria Gendron. «Does Language Do More Than Communicate Emotion?» Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 24, n.o 2, 2015, pp. 99-108. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414553440.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., Maria Gendron, Lisa Feldman Barrett, et al. «Emotion Perception, but Not Affect Perception, Is Impaired with Semantic Memory Loss.» Emotion, vol. 14, n.o 2, 2014, pp. 375-87. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035293.
• Lindquist, Kristen A. «Emotions Emerge from More Basic Psychological Ingredients: A Modern Psychological Constructionist Model». Emotion Review, vol. 5, n.o 4, 2013, pp. 356-68. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913489750.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., Tor D. Wager, Hedy Kober, et al. «The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review». The Behavioral and brain sciences, vol. 35, n.o 3, junio de 2012, pp. 121-43. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11000446.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., Ajay B. Satpute, Tor D. Wager, et al. «The Brain Basis of Positive and Negative Affect: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of the Human Neuroimaging Literature». Cerebral Cortex, vol. 26, n.o 5, mayo de 2016, pp. 1910-22. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv001.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., Jennifer K. MacCormack, y Holly Shablack. «The Role of Language in Emotion: Predictions from Psychological Constructionism». Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 6, abril de 2015. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00444.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., y Lisa Feldman Barrett. «A Functional Architecture of the Human Brain: Emerging Insights from the Science of Emotion». Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol. 16, n.o 11, 2012, pp. 533-40. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.005.
• Lindquist, Kristen A., y Maria Gendron. «What’s in a Word? Language Constructs Emotion Perception». Emotion Review, vol. 5, n.o 1, enero de 2013, pp. 66-71. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451351.
• Mauss, Iris B., y Michael D. Robinson. «Measures of Emotion: A Review». Cognition & Emotion, vol. 23, n.o 2, 2009, pp. 209-37, https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802204677.
• Mowrer, O. Hobart. Learning Theory and Behavior. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1960. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1037/10802-000.
• Murphy, F. C., et al. «Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotions: A Meta-Analysis». Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 3, n.o 3, 2003, pp. 207-33, https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.3.3.207.
• Oatley, Keith. «The Sentiments and Beliefs of Distributed Cognition». Emotions and Beliefs: How Feelings Influence Thoughts, editado por Nico H. Frijda et al., Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 78-107.
• Oosterwijk, Suzanne, et al. «States of Mind: Emotions, Body Feelings, and Thoughts Share Distributed Neural Networks». NeuroImage, vol. 62, 2012, pp. 2110-28. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.079.
• Ortony, Andrew, y Terence J. Turner. «What’s Basic about Basic Emotions?» Psychological Review, vol. 97, n.o 3, 1990, pp. 315-31, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.315.
• Panksepp, Jaak. «The Basics of Basic Emotion». The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions, editado por Paul Ekman y Richard J. Davidson, Oxford University Press, 1994, pp. 20-24.
• Panksepp, Jaak, y Lucy Biven. The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions. Norton, 2012.
• Phan, K. Luan, et al. «Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotions: A Meta-Analysis of Emotion Activation Studies in PET and FMRI». NeuroImage, vol. 16, n.o 2, 2002, pp. 331-48, https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1087.
• Phillips, M. L., et al. «A Specific Neural Substrate for Perceiving Facial Expressions of Disgust». Nature, vol. 389, n.o 6650, 6650, 1997, pp. 495-98. www.nature.com, https://doi.org/10.1038/39051.
• Plamper, Jan. The History of Emotions: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2015.
• Russell, James A. «Culture and the Categorization of Emotions». Psychological Bulletin, vol. 110, n.o 3, 1991, pp. 426-50. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426.
• ---. «Is There Universal Recognition of Emotion from Facial Expression? A Review of the Cross-Cultural Studies.» Psychological Bulletin, vol. 115, n.o 1, 1994, pp. 102-41, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102.
• Sauter, Disa A., et al. «Cross-Cultural Recognition of Basic Emotions through Nonverbal Emotional Vocalizations». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 107, n.o 6, 2010, pp. 2408-12, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908239106.
• ---. «Emotional Vocalizations Are Recognized Across Cultures Regardless of the Valence of Distractors». Psychological Science, vol. 26, n.o 3, 2015, pp. 354-56. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614560771.
• Sihvola, Juha, y Troels Engberg-Pedersen. The Emotions in Hellenistic Philosophy. Springer Netherlands, 1998.
• Tomkins, Silvan S. Affect Imagery Consciousness: Volume I: The Positive Affects. Springer, 1962.
• Touroutoglou, Alexandra, et al. «Intrinsic Connectivity in the Human Brain Does Not Reveal Networks for ‘Basic’ Emotions». Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, vol. 10, n.o 9, 2015, pp. 1257-65. academic.oup.com, https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv013.
• Vytal, Katherine, y Stephan Hamann. «Neuroimaging Support for Discrete Neural Correlates of Basic Emotions: A Voxel-Based Meta-Analysis». Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 22, 2009, pp. 2864-85. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10/bqp4nt.
• Weiner, Bernard, y S. Graham. «An Attributional Approach to Emotional Development». Emotions, Cognition, and Behavior, editado por Carroll Ellis Izard et al., Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 167-91.
• Wilson-Mendenhall, Christine D., et al. «Neural Evidence That Human Emotions Share Core Affective Properties». Psychological Science, vol. 24, n.o 6, 2013, pp. 947-56. SAGE Journals, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612464242.
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2023-12-10
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Derechos de autor 2023 Rodrigo Sebastián Braicovich
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